{"id":1531,"date":"2025-08-25T21:14:55","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T13:14:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.laoni.work\/?post_type=epkb_post_type_1&p=1531"},"modified":"2025-08-25T21:40:05","modified_gmt":"2025-08-25T13:40:05","slug":"markmap%e7%86%94%e4%bd%93%e8%bf%87%e7%a8%8b%e6%80%9d%e7%bb%b4%e5%af%bc%e5%9b%be%e6%b5%8b%e8%af%95","status":"publish","type":"epkb_post_type_1","link":"https:\/\/www.laoni.work\/?epkb_post_type_1=markmap%e7%86%94%e4%bd%93%e8%bf%87%e7%a8%8b%e6%80%9d%e7%bb%b4%e5%af%bc%e5%9b%be%e6%b5%8b%e8%af%95","title":{"rendered":"Markmap\u7194\u4f53\u8fc7\u7a0b\u601d\u7ef4\u5bfc\u56fe\u6d4b\u8bd53"},"content":{"rendered":"


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\nMarkmap<\/title><\/p>\n<style>\n* {\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n}\nhtml {\n font-family: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji',\n 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji';\n}\n#mindmap {\n display: block;\n width: 100vw;\n height: 100vh;\n}\n.markmap-dark {\n background: #27272a;\n color: white;\n}\n<\/style>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/markmap-toolbar@0.18.12\/dist\/style.css\">\n<\/head><br \/>\n<body><br \/>\n<svg id=\"mindmap\"><\/svg><br \/>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/d3@7.9.0\/dist\/d3.min.js\"><\/script><script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/markmap-view@0.18.12\/dist\/browser\/index.js\"><\/script><script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/markmap-toolbar@0.18.12\/dist\/index.js\"><\/script><script>(()=>{setTimeout(()=>{const{markmap:S,mm:Q}=window,$=new S.Toolbar;$.attach(Q);const I=$.render();I.setAttribute(\"style\",\"position:absolute;bottom:20px;right:20px\"),document.body.append(I)})})()<\/script><script>((l,U,M,R)=>{const N=l();window.mm=N.Markmap.create(\"svg#mindmap\",(U||N.deriveOptions)(R),M),window.matchMedia(\"(prefers-color-scheme: dark)\").matches&&document.documentElement.classList.add(\"markmap-dark\")})(()=>window.markmap,null,{\"content\":\"<strong>拉伸吹塑成型：吹塑过程<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>7.1 预成型坯再加热<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>温度决定因素<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>生产率<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"取决于预成型坯壁厚度（如果加热能力有限）\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"5,6\"}},{\"content\":\"取决于所需吹塑时间（例如，2升瓶需要比500毫升瓶更长的排气时间）\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"6,7\"}},{\"content\":\"可在生产中调整，但初次启动时依据经验设置更简便\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"7,8\"}},{\"content\":\"旋转机：吹塑轮移动和芯棒链速度耦合，产出率决定工艺时间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"8,9\"}},{\"content\":\"线性机：可选择工艺时间，机器调整产出以适应\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"9,10\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"4,10\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>气流<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"最好保持在中等水平，吹塑一些瓶子后再调整\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"11,12\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"10,12\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>灯设置<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>第一步：调整烤箱组高度<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"适应特定瓶颈设计\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"14,15\"}},{\"content\":\"将冷预成型坯放在芯棒上，将烤箱隔热罩定位在颈部支撑环上方\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"15,16\"}},{\"content\":\"大多数烤箱组通过螺纹杆进行垂直移动调整 (图 7.1)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"16,17\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"13,17\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>第二步：检查预成型坯<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"壁厚：标准瓶2-5毫米 (0.080-0.200英寸)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"18,19\"}},{\"content\":\"壁厚分布：可能不均匀\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"19,20\"}},{\"content\":\"香槟底风格的瓶子：底部需额外材料，下五分之一壁厚4-5毫米，需要额外加热\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"20,21\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"17,21\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>初始热分布<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"第一个（有时是前两个）灯的设置总是较高\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"22,23\"}},{\"content\":\"取决于预成型坯颈部与瓶体之间的过渡区域，以及瓶肩角度\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"23,24\"}},{\"content\":\"瓶肩角度陡峭：所需材料较少，该区域需要更多加热\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"24,25\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"21,25\"}},{\"content\":\"其余灯光根据预成型坯体壁厚进行调整\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"25,26\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"12,26\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>烤箱类型<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>旋转式和单线式烤箱<\/strong>：连续运动加热预成型坯\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"27,28\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>线性烤箱<\/strong>：U形轨道系统，转弯部分无烤箱模块\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"导致两次平衡时间增量\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"29,30\"}},{\"content\":\"最小化外壁过热的可能性\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"30,32\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"28,32\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"26,32\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"3,32\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"2,3\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>7.2 吹塑瓶<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>典型旋转拉伸吹塑机循环图<\/strong> (图 7.2)\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"黑色箭头表示机器功能持续时间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"34,35\"}},{\"content\":\"旋转机：所有时间均为吹塑轮的实际旋转度，而非时间增量\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"优点：可描述工艺特性而无需参考不同周期时间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"36,37\"}},{\"content\":\"缺点：当需要调整生产率时，凸轮控制运动会带来问题\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"例如，吹塑较厚的预成型坯时，现有烤箱无法以更快的周期时间进行再加热\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"38,39\"}},{\"content\":\"需要调整模具开合等的凸轮，这会增加机器的换型时间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"39,40\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"37,40\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"35,40\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"33,40\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>重要机械调整点<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>“0”点<\/strong>：拉伸杆刚好接触预成型坯底部但不拉伸的位置\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"41,42\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>“10”点<\/strong>：拉伸杆的最终位置\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"拉伸杆与底座插入件之间需留约1-2毫米 (0.040-0.080英寸) 的间隙\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"43,44\"}},{\"content\":\"取决于预成型坯浇口区域的壁厚\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"44,45\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"42,45\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>调整方法<\/strong>：在机器手动操作时使用冷预成型坯进行调整\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"45,46\"}},{\"content\":\"精确调整对正确加工至关重要\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"46,47\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"40,47\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>模具闭合<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"循环开始时，预成型坯已进行温度调节，位于芯棒上或通过夹持器放置在吹塑模具中 (图 7.3)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"48,49\"}},{\"content\":\"O形圈：位于颈部内侧或顶部螺纹表面，防止预成型坯内部与环境之间的空气交换 (图 7.3)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"49,50\"}},{\"content\":\"模具冷却水温度：8°C至65°C (45°F至150°F)\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"较高温度对工艺更有利，但可能增加周期时间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"51,52\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"50,52\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>事件顺序（以度数计）<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"12度：底座插入件开始提升\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"53,54\"}},{\"content\":\"14度：模具开始闭合\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"54,55\"}},{\"content\":\"39度：模具围绕底座插入件闭合\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"55,56\"}},{\"content\":\"49度：吹塑模具闭合\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"56,57\"}},{\"content\":\"57度：模具锁定\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"57,58\"}},{\"content\":\"此时：预成型坯内部和外部气压相等，拉伸杆尖端非常接近但不接触预成型坯底部内部\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"58,59\"}},{\"content\":\"69度：通常通过开关检查锁定 (图 7.4)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"59,60\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"52,60\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"47,60\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>拉伸杆接合<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"吹塑喷嘴（如果存在）和拉伸杆在51度开始移动\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"61,62\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>预吹气压<\/strong>：吹塑喷嘴完全放下后即可开始，但存在延迟\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"延迟原因：阀门机械部件移动时间，空气从阀门到型腔的距离，腔内压力重新建立时间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"63,64\"}},{\"content\":\"总延迟：约0.05-0.15秒，主要取决于吹气阀与型腔之间的距离\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"64,65\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"62,65\"}},{\"content\":\"拉伸杆动作可能延迟，以使压力与拉伸杆同时进入\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"65,66\"}},{\"content\":\"根据预成型坯温度，拉伸杆可能因机械应力首先拉伸预成型坯的浇口部分 (图 7.5)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"66,67\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"60,67\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>预吹气接合<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"拉伸杆进一步移动，预吹气压达到最大值 5-20 bar (70-290 psi)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"68,69\"}},{\"content\":\"聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 (PET) 的橡胶状状态在最弱点膨胀形成气泡\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"通常在预成型坯加热长度的1\/3到一半处\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"70,71\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"69,71\"}},{\"content\":\"在气泡接触模具壁之前，屈服阶段结束，为后续材料取向留出空间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"71,72\"}},{\"content\":\"材料拉伸并达到其自然拉伸比极限时，分子取向增强拉伸区域的机械强度\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"72,73\"}},{\"content\":\"相邻区域因较弱而开始拉伸\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"73,74\"}},{\"content\":\"如果预成型坯壁温均匀，气泡将从顶部向下发展 (图 7.6)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"74,75\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>拉伸速度<\/strong>：正确吹瓶的重要方面\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"速度过低：预成型坯冷却至接近玻璃化转变温度，导致拉伸不均匀\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"76,77\"}},{\"content\":\"速度较高：改善分子取向\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"77,78\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"75,78\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"67,78\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>拉伸杆到达底座插入件<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"随着拉伸杆快速向模具底座插入件移动，预成型坯更多部分开始屈服，扩大气泡\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"79,80\"}},{\"content\":\"气泡的发展速度和范围取决于材料的特性粘度 (IV) 和温度 (图 7.7)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"80,81\"}},{\"content\":\"拉伸杆在循环的约90度达到最终位置，具体取决于瓶子长度\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"81,82\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>预吹气压保持<\/strong>：在某些情况下，保持预吹气压0.05-0.1秒有利\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"允许气泡进一步向下延伸，将更多材料推向瓶底的外边缘 (图 7.8)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"83,84\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"82,84\"}},{\"content\":\"对于许多其他瓶子，最好在拉伸杆完全伸展时立即触发高压\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"84,85\"}},{\"content\":\"某些机器具有“延时”计时器，延迟高压吹塑的开始\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"85,86\"}},{\"content\":\"预成型坯已准备好进行取向\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"86,87\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"78,87\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>高压吹塑<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"开始时间：最早95度，最晚120度（取决于空气延迟或延时量）\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"88,89\"}},{\"content\":\"空气冲击：40 bar (580 psi) 压力，效果显著\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"仅需约0.02秒即可将气泡转变为完全成型的瓶子\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"90,91\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"89,91\"}},{\"content\":\"空气压力将材料压向较冷的模具型腔壁\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"91,92\"}},{\"content\":\"材料必须冷却到玻璃化转变温度以下\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"92,93\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>优点<\/strong>：使用较冷的预成型坯可最大限度地减少所需冷却，从而加快周期时间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"93,94\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>拉伸杆作用<\/strong>：必须牢固地将预成型坯浇口固定在底座插入件的中心\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"任何偏差都会导致瓶壁厚度不均匀\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"95,96\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"94,96\"}},{\"content\":\"某些线性机器使用拉伸杆气缸的空气压力进行速度控制\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"将此压力降低到过低值可能导致预成型坯气泡在高压吹气冲击下移动，并移动浇口 (图 7.9)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"97,98\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"96,98\"}},{\"content\":\"某些机器提供高压空气在吹塑模具中循环的系统，进一步缩短周期时间\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"98,99\"}},{\"content\":\"无论哪种情况，吹塑都在约300度结束\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"99,100\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"87,100\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>模具开启<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"拉伸杆开始从吹塑模具中移出 (最早120度)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"101,102\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>排气<\/strong>：在吹塑结束时启动\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"排气阀允许空气通过大直径软管或管道逸出\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"103,104\"}},{\"content\":\"末端连接消音器，以最大限度地降低工厂噪音污染\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"104,105\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"102,105\"}},{\"content\":\"排气在342度结束，此后底座才能降低\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"提前降低底座会导致瓶底变形，称为“摇摆底”\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"106,107\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"105,107\"}},{\"content\":\"排气期间：模具锁紧器解锁，并在320度开始打开\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"此时吹塑模具内的压力已显著下降，因此这是可能的\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"108,109\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"107,109\"}},{\"content\":\"剩余压力可能会使瓶侧壁略微向外鼓起，但这不会导致永久变形\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"109,110\"}},{\"content\":\"360度：模具打开，底座插入件下降，新循环开始 (图 7.10)\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"110,112\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"100,112\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"32,33\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>7.3 气阀控制<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"对吹塑过程的正确时序至关重要\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"113,114\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>阀块<\/strong>：大多数吹塑中使用的气阀以三或四块的形式出现\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"预吹气阀\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"115,116\"}},{\"content\":\"吹气阀\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"116,117\"}},{\"content\":\"排气阀\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"117,118\"}},{\"content\":\"第二个排气阀或用于空气回收的阀门\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"118,119\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"114,119\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>类型<\/strong>：电触发气动从属阀 (图 7.11)\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"工作原理：左侧的电控阀门切换时，打开右侧阀门的空气路径 (图 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