{"id":2010,"date":"2025-11-04T21:10:10","date_gmt":"2025-11-04T13:10:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.laoni.work\/?post_type=epkb_post_type_1&p=2010"},"modified":"2025-11-04T21:10:10","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T13:10:10","slug":"%e6%b3%a8%e5%b0%84%e5%92%8c%e6%8c%a4%e5%87%ba%e6%88%90%e5%9e%8b%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e7%bb%9f%e8%ae%a1%e8%bf%87%e7%a8%8b%e6%8e%a7%e5%88%b6-spc","status":"publish","type":"epkb_post_type_1","link":"https:\/\/www.laoni.work\/?epkb_post_type_1=%e6%b3%a8%e5%b0%84%e5%92%8c%e6%8c%a4%e5%87%ba%e6%88%90%e5%9e%8b%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e7%bb%9f%e8%ae%a1%e8%bf%87%e7%a8%8b%e6%8e%a7%e5%88%b6-spc","title":{"rendered":"\u6ce8\u5c04\u548c\u6324\u51fa\u6210\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236-SPC"},"content":{"rendered":"


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\nMarkmap<\/title><\/p>\n<style>\n* {\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n}\nhtml {\n font-family: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji',\n 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji';\n}\n#mindmap {\n display: block;\n width: 100vw;\n height: 100vh;\n}\n.markmap-dark {\n background: #27272a;\n color: white;\n}\n<\/style>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/markmap-toolbar@0.18.12\/dist\/style.css\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.18\/dist\/katex.min.css\">\n<\/head><br \/>\n<body><br \/>\n<svg id=\"mindmap\"><\/svg><br \/>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/d3@7.9.0\/dist\/d3.min.js\"><\/script><script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/markmap-view@0.18.12\/dist\/browser\/index.js\"><\/script><script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/markmap-toolbar@0.18.12\/dist\/index.js\"><\/script><script>(e=>{window.WebFontConfig={custom:{families:[\"KaTeX_AMS\",\"KaTeX_Caligraphic:n4,n7\",\"KaTeX_Fraktur:n4,n7\",\"KaTeX_Main:n4,n7,i4,i7\",\"KaTeX_Math:i4,i7\",\"KaTeX_Script\",\"KaTeX_SansSerif:n4,n7,i4\",\"KaTeX_Size1\",\"KaTeX_Size2\",\"KaTeX_Size3\",\"KaTeX_Size4\",\"KaTeX_Typewriter\"]},active:()=>{e().refreshHook.call()}}})(()=>window.markmap)<\/script><script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/webfontloader@1.6.28\/webfontloader.js\" defer><\/script><script>(()=>{setTimeout(()=>{const{markmap:S,mm:Q}=window,$=new S.Toolbar;$.attach(Q);const I=$.render();I.setAttribute(\"style\",\"position:absolute;bottom:20px;right:20px\"),document.body.append(I)})})()<\/script><script>((l,U,M,R)=>{const N=l();window.mm=N.Markmap.create(\"svg#mindmap\",(U||N.deriveOptions)(R),M),window.matchMedia(\"(prefers-color-scheme: dark)\").matches&&document.documentElement.classList.add(\"markmap-dark\")})(()=>window.markmap,null,{\"content\":\"注射和挤出成型中的统计过程控制——SPC [1, 2]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"概述与背景\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>作者信息:<\/strong> 荷兰克里斯·劳温德尔(Chris Rauwendaal) 著 [1]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"2,3\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>译者:<\/strong> 吴大鸣 韩国灿 陈卫红 等译 [1]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"3,4\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>出版:<\/strong> 化学工业出版社 (2005年1月第1版) [1-3]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"4,5\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>SPC起源:<\/strong> 基本原理由Walter A.Shewhart博士于1920年提出 [4]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"5,6\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>SPC在日本:<\/strong> 在W.EdwardDeming博士指导下成功使用，部分归功于日本公司20世纪70年代和80年代的成功 [4]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"6,7\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>本书更新内容:<\/strong> 预控概念方法 (Shewhart传统方法的选择) [4]，Shainin试验设计和统计分析方法学 [4]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"7,8\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>本书目的:<\/strong> 传授SPC基本原理 [4]，介绍注射成型和挤出成型过程的基本技术 [4, 5]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"8,10\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"1,2\"}},{\"content\":\"第1章 注射成型技术 [6]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>1.1 注射机主要零部件<\/strong> [6]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>组件:<\/strong> 合模装置、塑化装置和驱动装置 [7]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"12,13\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>塑化装置类型:<\/strong> 往复式螺杆挤出机 (RS挤出机\/柱塞螺杆) [8]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"13,14\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>螺杆功能:<\/strong> 输送、加热、混合、排气 [5, 9]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"14,15\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>止逆阀:<\/strong> 环状止逆阀、球状止逆阀，以及Chris Rauwendaal分散止逆阀(CRD) [9, 10]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"15,16\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>合模力:<\/strong> 最大可达 200～100000kN (约20～10000t) [7]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"16,17\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"11,17\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>1.1.1 注射成型周期<\/strong> [6]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>三步骤:<\/strong> 注射、保压和塑化、成型制品的顶出 [11, 12]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"18,19\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>特点:<\/strong> 模具昂贵，适用大批量生产 [8]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"19,20\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"17,20\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>1.3 模具<\/strong> [6]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>组成:<\/strong> 型腔 (热边\/静止半模)，型芯 (移动半模) [13, 14]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"21,22\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>流道系统:<\/strong> 冷流道系统 (两板模具、三板模具) [7, 14, 15]，热流道系统 (绝缘式、真正热流道模具) [16]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"22,23\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>浇口类型:<\/strong> 直浇口、点浇口、边缘浇口、隧道式浇口 [17]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"23,24\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>充模流动:<\/strong> 喷泉流 [18]，射流 [19]，熔接线 (薄弱区域) [20]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"24,26\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"20,26\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"10,11\"}},{\"content\":\"第2章 挤出成型技术 [6]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>2.2 挤出机的功能<\/strong> [21]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>主要功能:<\/strong> 输送、加热和熔融、混合、口模成型、排气 [21]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"28,29\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>输送:<\/strong> 产量取决于挤出机和机头口模共同作用的工作点 [22]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"29,30\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>加热与熔融:<\/strong> 热源来自加热元件和摩擦热\/黏性热 [13, 22]。熔融模型包括Maddock提出的相邻固体熔融(CSM)和分散固体熔融(DSM) [13, 14]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"30,31\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>混合:<\/strong> 分布混合 (相似料流混合) 和 分散混合 (打碎料团\/微滴) [15, 23]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"31,32\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>排气挤出:<\/strong> 使用“双阶”螺杆，在排气口处产生零压力区域 [24]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"32,33\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"27,33\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>2.3 高效挤出<\/strong> [18]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>高效过程操作:<\/strong> 原料的稳定性 (熔体指数MI\/MFI用途有限 [25])，饥饿加料 (GOC\/重力加料挤出量控制) [26, 27]，齿轮泵 (优点: 出料稳定性好\/增压性能好) [27, 28]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"34,36\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"33,36\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"26,27\"}},{\"content\":\"第3章 塑料及其主要性能 [29]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>塑料分类:<\/strong> 热塑性塑料和热固性塑料 [28]，非结晶塑料和半结晶塑料 [30]，液晶塑料(LCPs) [31]，弹性体 (热塑性弹性体 TPEs) [32]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"37,38\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>3.5 塑料的流动行为<\/strong> [32]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>黏度:<\/strong> 塑料熔体黏度比水高至少5个数量级 [32]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"39,40\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>流动性测试:<\/strong> 熔体指数测试 (MI\/MFI) [32]，螺旋线长度试验 [33]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"40,41\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>剪切影响:<\/strong> 剪切变稀行为 (假塑性行为) [34]，黏度随温度增加而下降 [34]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"41,42\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"38,42\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>3.6 热性能<\/strong> [35]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>重要参数:<\/strong> 热导率低 (绝热体) [35]，比热容和热焓 [36]，热稳定性和耐热时间 [36]，密度\/比容积 (受温度和压力影响，可用PVT图表示) [37, 38]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"43,45\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"42,45\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"36,37\"}},{\"content\":\"第4章 统计过程控制(SPC)概述 [39]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>目标:<\/strong> 预防次品出现 [40]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"46,47\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>SPC实施:<\/strong> 培训至关重要 (涉及各层次人员) [41]。需营造勇于承认和解决问题的良好氛围 [42]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"47,48\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>4.3 基本统计概念<\/strong> [43]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>波动原因:<\/strong> 正常因素 (随机因素\/固有) [43]，异常因素 (特殊因素\/确定性原因) [44]。应首先排除异常因素 [45]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"49,50\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>集中趋势度量:<\/strong> 均值 (平均值 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mover accent=\\\"true\\\"><mi>x<\/mi><mo>ˉ<\/mo><\/mover><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\bar{x}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord accent\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><\/span><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"accent-body\\\" style=\\\"left:-0.2222em;\\\"><span class=\\\"mord\\\">ˉ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)，中位数 (<span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mover accent=\\\"true\\\"><mi>x<\/mi><mo>~<\/mo><\/mover><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\tilde{x}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.6679em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord accent\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.6679em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><\/span><span style=\\\"top:-3.35em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"accent-body\\\" style=\\\"left:-0.2222em;\\\"><span class=\\\"mord\\\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)，众数 (<span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mover accent=\\\"true\\\"><mi>x<\/mi><mo>^<\/mo><\/mover><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\hat{x}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.6944em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord accent\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.6944em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><\/span><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"accent-body\\\" style=\\\"left:-0.2222em;\\\"><span class=\\\"mord\\\">^<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) [46]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"50,51\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>离散度度量:<\/strong> 极差 (<span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">R<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.6833em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.00773em;\\\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>), 方差 (<span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>s<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">s^2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.8141em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">s<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.8141em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mtight\\\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>), 标准差 (<span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mi>s<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">s<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.4306em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) [46, 47]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"51,52\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>绘制分布图:<\/strong> 直方图、干-枝图、频数折线图、频率曲线图 [48, 49]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"52,53\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>几种分布模式:<\/strong> 二项分布、对数正态分布、正态分布 (高斯分布) [50]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"53,54\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>中心极限定理:<\/strong> 样本均值 (<span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mover accent=\\\"true\\\"><mi>x<\/mi><mo>ˉ<\/mo><\/mover><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\bar{x}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord accent\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><\/span><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"accent-body\\\" style=\\\"left:-0.2222em;\\\"><span class=\\\"mord\\\">ˉ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) 服从正态分布 [51]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"54,56\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"48,56\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"45,46\"}},{\"content\":\"第5章 采集数据、分析数据与解决问题 [39]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>数据类型:<\/strong> 计量型数据 (连续计数器测量) [52]，计数型数据 (是与非两种可能结果) [52]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"57,58\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>解决问题的图表 (Ishikawa图):<\/strong> 因果图 (鱼刺图) [53]，多变量变化分析图 [53]，加工过程分析图表 [54]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"58,59\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>排列图 (Pareto Chart):<\/strong> 从许多琐碎因素中抽离关键因素 [55]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"59,60\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>散点图:<\/strong> 以横轴表示原因，纵轴表示结果，确定因果关系 (正相关、负相关) [56, 57]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"60,61\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>记录数据方法:<\/strong> 检查表 [58]，便携式数据采集\/机械分析 (PMAs) [59]，固定位置数据获取系统 [60]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"61,62\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>抽样:<\/strong> 样本大小一般为3～4个项目，最多不超过20个 [61]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"62,64\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"56,57\"}},{\"content\":\"第6章 测量技术 [62]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>6.2 基本概念:<\/strong> 精确度 (与真实值接近程度) [63]，精度 (重复性测量值接近程度) [63]，分辨率 [63]，稳定性 [64]，非线性度 [64]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"65,66\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>6.3 测量误差:<\/strong> 应定期对检测仪器进行校准 [65]；观察数据的标准偏差 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>σ<\/mi><mrow><mi>o<\/mi><mi>b<\/mi><mi>s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\sigma_{obs}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.03588em;\\\">σ<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.3361em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">o<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">b<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.15em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 是制品实际标准偏差 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>σ<\/mi><mrow><mi>t<\/mi><mi>r<\/mi><mi>u<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\sigma_{true}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.03588em;\\\">σ<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.2806em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">t<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.02778em;\\\">r<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">u<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.15em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 和测量标准偏差 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>σ<\/mi><mrow><mi>m<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><mi>a<\/mi><mi>s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\sigma_{meas}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.03588em;\\\">σ<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.1514em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">m<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">e<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">a<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.15em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 的组合 [65]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"66,67\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>6.4 给测量参数赋值:<\/strong> 测量误差主要由重复性 (Repeatability) 和重现性 (Reproducibility) 组成 (R&R) [66]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"67,68\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>6.6 注射成型过程的测量:<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>压力:<\/strong> 注射过程最重要的过程变量 [67]，包括液压压力和塑料熔体压力 (模腔压力) [67]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"69,70\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>温度:<\/strong> 熔体温度、机简温度、模具温度 [68]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"70,71\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"68,71\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>6.7 挤出过程的测量:<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>重要参数:<\/strong> 挤出物尺寸、机头压力、螺杆转速和牵引速度 [69]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"72,73\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>压力:<\/strong> 机头压力 (多孔板后) 决定挤出产量 [70]，多孔板前的压力对安全重要 [71]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"73,75\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"71,75\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"64,65\"}},{\"content\":\"第7章 统计过程控制图 [72]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>目的:<\/strong> 识别异常因素出现的时间，确认改进措施，确定实际的过程能力 [73]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"76,77\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>7.2 计量型数据控制图:<\/strong> <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mover accent=\\\"true\\\"><mi>x<\/mi><mo>ˉ<\/mo><\/mover><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\bar{x}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord accent\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><\/span><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"accent-body\\\" style=\\\"left:-0.2222em;\\\"><span class=\\\"mord\\\">ˉ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 和 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">R<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.6833em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.00773em;\\\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 控制图 (最常用) [74]，其他如 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mover accent=\\\"true\\\"><mi>x<\/mi><mo>ˉ<\/mo><\/mover><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\bar{x}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord accent\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><\/span><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"accent-body\\\" style=\\\"left:-0.2222em;\\\"><span class=\\\"mord\\\">ˉ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>-Rm图、 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mover accent=\\\"true\\\"><mi>x<\/mi><mo>ˉ<\/mo><\/mover><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\bar{x}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord accent\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><\/span><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"accent-body\\\" style=\\\"left:-0.2222em;\\\"><span class=\\\"mord\\\">ˉ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>-s图、累计和控制图 (CuSum) [73, 74]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"77,78\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong><span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mover accent=\\\"true\\\"><mi>x<\/mi><mo>ˉ<\/mo><\/mover><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">\\\\bar{x}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord accent\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.5678em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><\/span><span style=\\\"top:-3em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:3em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"accent-body\\\" style=\\\"left:-0.2222em;\\\"><span class=\\\"mord\\\">ˉ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>-R控制图阐述:<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>稳定过程特征:<\/strong> 大部分点落在中心线附近，没有点落在控制限以外 [75]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"79,80\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>不稳定过程特征:<\/strong> 异常点 [75]，趋势、循环、戴延 (连续7点或更多点落在中心线同一侧) [76]，分层 (多于15个点接近中心线) [76]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"80,81\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"78,81\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>7.4 计数型数据控制图:<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>不良制品数:<\/strong> p控制图 (不合格品率, 样本容量不定) [77]，np控制图 (不合格产品数, 样本容量恒定) [78]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"82,83\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>不良情况\/缺陷点数:<\/strong> c控制图 (缺陷数, 样本容量恒定) [79]，u控制图 (单位缺陷数, 样本容量可变) [80]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"83,85\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"81,85\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"75,76\"}},{\"content\":\"第8章 过程能力和特种SPC技术 [72]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>8.2 能力指数:<\/strong> 潜在过程能力指数 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mi>P<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">C_P<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.07153em;\\\">C<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.3283em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.13889em;\\\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.15em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (公差与 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mn>6<\/mn><msub><mi>σ<\/mi><mi>x<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">6\\\\sigma_x<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.7944em;vertical-align:-0.15em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\">6<\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.03588em;\\\">σ<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.1514em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.15em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 之比) [81]，过程能力指数 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mrow><mi>p<\/mi><mi>K<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">C_{pK}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.07153em;\\\">C<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.3283em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">p<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.07153em;\\\">K<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.2861em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (考虑数据集中程度) [82]，能力比率 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mi>R<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">C_R<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.07153em;\\\">C<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.3283em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.00773em;\\\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.15em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (<span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mi>P<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">C_P<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.07153em;\\\">C<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.3283em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.13889em;\\\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.15em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 的倒数) [83]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"86,87\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>8.2.1 预先控制 (捷径):<\/strong> 将公差带分为红区、黄区、绿区 [83]，若连续5个样本点全在绿区，能力至少为 <span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mrow><mi>p<\/mi><mi>K<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1.33<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">C_{pK}=1.33<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.07153em;\\\">C<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t vlist-t2\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.3283em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\">p<\/span><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal mtight\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.07153em;\\\">K<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-s\\\">​<\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.2861em;\\\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"mspace\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.2778em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mrel\\\">=<\/span><span class=\\\"mspace\\\" style=\\\"margin-right:0.2778em;\\\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.6444em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\">1.33<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> [83]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"87,88\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>8.3 正态分布测试:<\/strong> 图表法 (正态概率图) [84]，统计计算法 (<span class=\\\"katex\\\"><span class=\\\"katex-mathml\\\"><math xmlns=\\\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\\\"application\/x-tex\\\">x^2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/span><span class=\\\"katex-html\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\"><span class=\\\"base\\\"><span class=\\\"strut\\\" style=\\\"height:0.8141em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"mord\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mathnormal\\\">x<\/span><span class=\\\"msupsub\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-t\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist-r\\\"><span class=\\\"vlist\\\" style=\\\"height:0.8141em;\\\"><span style=\\\"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;\\\"><span class=\\\"pstrut\\\" style=\\\"height:2.7em;\\\"><\/span><span class=\\\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\\\"><span class=\\\"mord mtight\\\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 测试, 倾斜度\/峰态) [85, 86]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"88,89\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>8.5 注射成型中的特种SPC技术:<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>族过程 (多流程):<\/strong> 典型例子为多腔模具注射成型 [87]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"90,91\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>中位数\/个体测量值控制图:<\/strong> 中位数图监视全局变动，个体测量值图跟踪局部变动 [87, 88]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"91,92\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>机器能力分级:<\/strong> Hunkar对注射机进行9级分级 (I级最好，X级最差) [89, 90]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"92,94\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"89,94\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"85,86\"}},{\"content\":\"第9章 提高过程控制的其他手段 [91]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>9.2 实验计划 (DOE):<\/strong> DOE是开发工具，SPC是维护工具 [92]。目的是指明重要变量，确定交互效应 [92]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"95,96\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>9.3 Shainin 方法理论:<\/strong> 目标是“让每一部分都起作用” [93]。主要故障原因称为红X [94]\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>发现线索的工具:<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>多变量图 (MV图):<\/strong> 分割过程变量，确定主要变量是位置变量、循环周期还是时间变化 [95]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"98,99\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>组件搜索:<\/strong> 适用于装配操作，降低可能原因数量 [96]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"99,100\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>变量搜索:<\/strong> 进一步降低变化因子的数量，使全因子设计有意义 [97, 98]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"100,101\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>B对C分析:<\/strong> 无参变量对比的实验，通过小容量样本确定过程差异 [99]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"101,102\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"97,102\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"96,102\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>9.3.2 析因设计:<\/strong> 全因子 (设计出各个水平情况下变量的交互效应) [100]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"102,103\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>9.4 预先控制 (PC):<\/strong>\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>核心机制:<\/strong> 将公差分成4份，中间一半为绿色区域 [101]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"104,105\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>优势:<\/strong> 比控制表容易使用，需要的抽样少 [102]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"105,107\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"103,107\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"94,95\"}},{\"content\":\"附录 (部分关键信息)\",\"children\":[{\"content\":\"<strong>附录I 聚合物缩略词表:<\/strong> 包含如ABS、PEEK、PVC等缩略词 [103]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"108,109\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>附录II\/V 术语表:<\/strong> 包含如精确性、方差、正态分布、熔接线等定义 [104-106]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"109,110\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>附录III SPC\/DOE 软件:<\/strong> 包含如Streamer 1、Minitab Statistical Software 等软件包 [107, 108]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"110,111\"}},{\"content\":\"<strong>附录IX 新术语的提出:<\/strong> D.J.Wheeler提出用“continual improvement”替换“statistical process control”等新术语 [109]\",\"children\":[],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"li\",\"lines\":\"111,112\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h2\",\"lines\":\"107,108\"}}],\"payload\":{\"tag\":\"h1\",\"lines\":\"0,1\"}},null)<\/script><br \/>\n<\/body><br \/>\n<\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p 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